Advanced Tutorial: OSINT and Threat Intelligence Before Penetration Testing
Introduction
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) and Threat Intelligence are critical components of the pre-engagement phase in penetration testing. By gathering and analyzing publicly available information, security professionals can gain valuable insights into their target's security posture, potential vulnerabilities, and threat landscape. This tutorial provides an in-depth guide on leveraging OSINT and threat intelligence to enhance penetration testing.
What is OSINT?
OSINT involves collecting and analyzing data from publicly accessible sources to support intelligence activities. These sources include social media, websites, forums, public records, and more. OSINT helps in identifying valuable information about the target, such as employee details, technology stack, network infrastructure, and potential vulnerabilities.
OSINT Tools and Techniques
1. Google Dorking
Google Dorking uses advanced search operators to find specific information indexed by search engines.
- Basic Operators:
site:example.com
- Search within a specific site.filetype:pdf
- Search for specific file types.intitle:index of
- Look for directory listings.
Example:
site:example.com filetype:pdf confidential
2. Social Media Intelligence (SOCMINT)
Social media platforms are rich sources of information about individuals and organizations.
- Twitter: Use Twitter’s advanced search to find tweets related to the target.
- LinkedIn: Identify employees, their roles, and potential technologies used by the company.
Example Tools:
- Maltego: Visual link analysis and data mining tool.
- Recon-ng: Web reconnaissance framework with modules for gathering information from social media.
3. WHOIS and DNS Enumeration
WHOIS and DNS enumeration reveal domain registration details and DNS information.
- Tools:
dnsenum
,dnsrecon
,Fierce
DNS Enumeration:
dig example.com ANY
WHOIS Lookup:
whois example.com
4. Public Code Repositories
Public code repositories like GitHub may contain sensitive information such as API keys and configuration files.
GitHub Dorks: Search for specific patterns in public repositories.
site:github.com "password"
Tools:
- GitRob: Scans GitHub organizations for sensitive information.
- TruffleHog: Searches through Git repositories for high entropy strings and secrets.
5. Dark Web and Deep Web Monitoring
Monitor the dark web and deep web for leaked data and threat actor activities.
Tools:
- OnionScan: Tool for investigating the dark web.
- Hunchly: Web capture tool for dark web investigations.
Threat Intelligence
Threat intelligence involves collecting and analyzing information about current and emerging threats. It helps in understanding the threat landscape and preparing for potential attacks.
1. Types of Threat Intelligence
- Strategic Intelligence: High-level information about threat actors, motivations, and capabilities.
- Operational Intelligence: Details about specific attacks and tactics.
- Tactical Intelligence: Information on specific indicators of compromise (IOCs) like IP addresses and hash values.
2. Threat Intelligence Sources
- Open Source: Publicly available reports, blogs, forums, and social media.
- Commercial: Paid threat intelligence feeds and services.
- Internal: Data from internal logs, SIEM, and incident reports.
3. Threat Intelligence Platforms (TIPs)
TIPs aggregate and analyze threat data from multiple sources.
Examples:
- MISP (Malware Information Sharing Platform): Open-source threat intelligence platform.
- AlienVault OTX: Open Threat Exchange for sharing threat intelligence.
Integrating OSINT and Threat Intelligence into Penetration Testing
1. Pre-Engagement
- Define Scope: Determine the boundaries and objectives of the OSINT and threat intelligence gathering.
- Get Authorization: Obtain written permission to gather information about the target.
2. Information Gathering
- Passive Reconnaissance: Use OSINT tools to gather information without interacting with the target.
- Threat Landscape Analysis: Use threat intelligence to understand the potential threats and adversaries targeting the industry or organization.
Example Workflow:
- Google Dorking: Identify exposed sensitive information.
- Social Media Mining: Gather details about key employees and their roles.
- WHOIS and DNS Enumeration: Map out the domain infrastructure.
- GitHub Analysis: Search for leaked credentials and sensitive information.
- Threat Intelligence: Identify recent threats and vulnerabilities relevant to the target.
3. Analysis and Correlation
- Data Correlation: Correlate data from different sources to identify patterns and potential attack vectors.
- Threat Prioritization: Prioritize threats based on relevance and potential impact on the target.
4. Reporting and Actionable Insights
- Document Findings: Record all gathered information and identified vulnerabilities.
- Provide Recommendations: Offer actionable insights and recommendations for mitigating identified risks.
- Prepare for Penetration Testing: Use the gathered intelligence to guide and focus the penetration testing efforts.
Case Study: OSINT and Threat Intelligence in Action
Scenario: A penetration tester is tasked with assessing the security of a financial services company.
Step-by-Step Process:
- Discover internal documents and exposed directories.
- Social Media Intelligence:
- Identify key employees on LinkedIn and Twitter.
- Gather information about technologies and platforms used.
- Obtain domain registration details.
- Map out the DNS infrastructure.
- Search for potentially sensitive information in public repositories.
- Threat Intelligence:
- Check threat intelligence feeds for recent attacks on similar organizations.
- Identify common vulnerabilities and exploit techniques.
GitHub Analysis:
site:github.com example.com "password"
WHOIS and DNS Enumeration:
whois example.com
dig example.com ANY
Google Dorking:
site:example.com filetype:doc OR filetype:pdf confidential
Outcome:
- A comprehensive report detailing the gathered information, potential vulnerabilities, and recommended actions is prepared.
- The penetration testing phase is guided by the insights from OSINT and threat intelligence, making it more focused and effective.
Conclusion
OSINT and threat intelligence are vital components of the pre-engagement phase in penetration testing. By leveraging publicly available information and threat data, security professionals can gain a deeper understanding of their target’s security posture, identify potential vulnerabilities, and enhance the overall effectiveness of their penetration tests. Continuous learning and staying updated with the latest OSINT techniques and threat intelligence sources are essential for maintaining a robust cybersecurity strategy.
Resources
By incorporating OSINT and threat intelligence into your penetration testing workflow, you can achieve a more comprehensive and effective security assessment, ultimately leading to better protection for your organization.